ABSTRACT
This case report describes macular hole (MH) formation and spontaneous closure after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. A 58‑year‑old man referred with a macula‑off superior RRD, in whom vitrectomy was performed. MH with vitreomacular traction (VMT) caused by the posterior vitreous cortex remnants developed 2 weeks after vitrectomy. Four weeks postoperatively, optical coherence tomography revealed resolution of the VMT and spontaneous closure of MH without providing any treatment. This is the first report of an MH formation and spontaneous closure after vitrectomy for RRD. This suggests that the VMT mediated by the posterior vitreous cortex remnants has an important role in the development of secondary MH.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine if the stress-responsive hypothalamic-nucleus accumbens (NAc) regulation is a stressor specific event. Male SD rats were subjected to restraint or cold stress for 2 h, and then mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was examined by in situ hybridization and the plasma corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. Neuronal activations in the PVN and the NAc were examined by c-Fos immunohistochemistry and the brain GABA contents by HPLC. Both restraint and cold stresses increased c-Fos expression in the PVN and the plasma corticosterone; however, CRH expression in PVN was increased only by restraint, but not by cold, stress. Restraint stress significantly increased the NAc neuronal activation, but cold stress failed to do so. Restraint stress increased the NAc-GABA contents and cold stress did the hypothalamic GABA. Results suggest that the HPA axis regulation responding to restraint stress, but not cold stress, may involve the NAc neuronal activation in relation with GABAergic neurotransmission. Additionally, CRH expression in the PVN may not play a major role in the elevation of plasma corticosterone responding to cold stress.
ABSTRACT
To understand the mechanism of phytoplankton bloom forming, we investigated the relationship between several species and water quality factors using long-term monitoring datasets from 1996 to 2003. The seven sites at this study were classified into four groups by phytoplankton species or water quality datasets and the species for phytoplankton bloom forming seems to be mainly influenced by the water quality or surrounding water conditions. E. gymnastica and P. minimum were observed for the longest time period from April to September, and C. polykrikoides shortest time period from summer to autumn. E. gymnastica was observed across the widest temperature range (14–27ºC), and C. polykrikoides narrowest temperature range (20–28ºC). Chaetoceros spp. was observed over the narrowest salinity range (22–33 ppt), and E. gymnastica, P. minimum, H. akashiwo wide salinity range (14–34 ppt). The main reasons for the formation of Chaetoceros spp. and S. costatum blooms seems to be fresh water input through forest and fields by heavy rainfall events. Thalassiosira spp. seems to grow well in conditions of fresh water input and/or in eutrophicated areas with salinities >20 ppt and water temperatures >17ºC. C. furca seems to grow well in sea areas that are affected by inflows of domestic and industrial wastewater and by inflows of freshwater with domestic and industrial wastewater, rather than only freshwater input, after May when water temperatures are higher than 18ºC. E. gymnastica, H. akashiwo, P. minimum, and P. triestinum seem to grow well in eutrophicated sea areas where nutrient levels are high and where domestic and industrial wastewater flow are abundant. C. polykrikoides blooms seem to be due to suitable seawater input from off sea areas, and freshwater after heavy rainfall that has high nitrogen concentration.